wip

src/main/java/eu/jonahbauer/raytracing/Main.java

@@ -1,7 +1,115 @@
 package eu.jonahbauer.raytracing;
 
+import eu.jonahbauer.raytracing.material.DielectricMaterial;
+import eu.jonahbauer.raytracing.material.LambertianMaterial;
+import eu.jonahbauer.raytracing.material.Material;
+import eu.jonahbauer.raytracing.material.MetallicMaterial;
+import eu.jonahbauer.raytracing.math.Vec3;
+import eu.jonahbauer.raytracing.render.*;
+import eu.jonahbauer.raytracing.render.Color;
+import eu.jonahbauer.raytracing.render.canvas.BufferedImageCanvas;
+import eu.jonahbauer.raytracing.scene.Hittable;
+import eu.jonahbauer.raytracing.scene.Scene;
+import eu.jonahbauer.raytracing.scene.Sphere;
+import org.jetbrains.annotations.NotNull;
+
+import javax.swing.*;
+import java.awt.*;
+import java.awt.event.WindowAdapter;
+import java.awt.event.WindowEvent;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.nio.file.Path;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+
 public class Main {
-    public static void main(String[] args) {
+    public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
-        System.out.println("Hello world!");
+        var scene = getScene();
+        var camera = Camera.builder()
+//                .withImage(1920, 1080)
+                .withImage(800, 450)
+                .withPosition(new Vec3(13, 2, 3))
+                .withTarget(new Vec3(0, 0, 0))
+                .withSamplesPerPixel(100)
+                .withMaxDepth(10)
+                .withFieldOfView(Math.toRadians(20))
+                .withBlurAngle(Math.toRadians(0.6))
+                .withFocusDistance(10.0)
+                .build();
+
+        var canvas = new BufferedImageCanvas(camera.width(), camera.height());
+        preview(canvas);
+
+        camera.render(scene, canvas, Camera.RenderMode.SAMPLES);
+        ImageFormat.PNG.write(canvas, Path.of("scene-" + System.currentTimeMillis() + ".png"));
+    }
+
+    private static Thread preview(@NotNull BufferedImageCanvas canvas) {
+        var frame = new JFrame();
+        frame.setSize(canvas.width(), canvas.height());
+        frame.setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.DISPOSE_ON_CLOSE);
+        frame.setContentPane(new JPanel() {
+            @Override
+            protected void paintComponent(Graphics g) {
+                g.drawImage(canvas.getImage(), 0, 0, null);
+            }
+        });
+        frame.setResizable(false);
+        frame.setVisible(true);
+
+        var update = Thread.ofVirtual().start(() -> {
+            while (!Thread.interrupted()) {
+                try {
+                    Thread.sleep(1000);
+                } catch (InterruptedException ex) {
+                    break;
+                }
+                frame.repaint();
+            }
+        });
+
+        frame.addWindowListener(new WindowAdapter() {
+            @Override
+            public void windowClosing(WindowEvent e) {
+                update.interrupt();
+            }
+        });
+
+        return update;
+    }
+
+    private static @NotNull Scene getScene() {
+        var objects = new ArrayList<Hittable>();
+        objects.add(new Sphere(new Vec3(0, -1000, 0), 1000, new LambertianMaterial(new Color(0.5, 0.5, 0.5))));
+
+        for (int a = -11; a < 11; a++) {
+            for (int b = -11; b < 11; b++) {
+                var center = new Vec3(a + 0.9 * Math.random(), 0.2, b + 0.9 * Math.random());
+                if (Vec3.distance(center, new Vec3(4, 0.2, 0)) <= 0.9) continue;
+
+                Material material;
+                var rnd = Math.random();
+                if (rnd < 0.8) {
+                    // diffuse
+                    var albedo = Color.multiply(Color.random(), Color.random());
+                    material = new LambertianMaterial(albedo);
+                } else if (rnd < 0.95) {
+                    // metal
+                    var albedo = Color.random(0.5, 1.0);
+                    var fuzz = Math.random() * 0.5;
+                    material = new MetallicMaterial(albedo, fuzz);
+                } else {
+                    // glass
+                    material = new DielectricMaterial(1.5);
+                }
+
+                objects.add(new Sphere(center, 0.2, material));
+            }
+        }
+
+        objects.add(new Sphere(new Vec3(0, 1, 0), 1.0, new DielectricMaterial(1.5)));
+        objects.add(new Sphere(new Vec3(-4, 1, 0), 1.0, new LambertianMaterial(new Color(0.4, 0.2, 0.1))));
+        objects.add(new Sphere(new Vec3(4, 1, 0), 1.0, new MetallicMaterial(new Color(0.7, 0.6, 0.5))));
+
+        return new Scene(objects);
     }
 }

src/main/java/eu/jonahbauer/raytracing/material/DielectricMaterial.java

@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+package eu.jonahbauer.raytracing.material;
+
+import eu.jonahbauer.raytracing.math.Ray;
+import eu.jonahbauer.raytracing.math.Vec3;
+import eu.jonahbauer.raytracing.render.Color;
+import eu.jonahbauer.raytracing.scene.HitResult;
+import org.jetbrains.annotations.NotNull;
+
+import java.util.Optional;
+
+public record DielectricMaterial(double refractionIndex) implements Material {
+    @Override
+    public @NotNull Optional<ScatterResult> scatter(@NotNull Ray ray, @NotNull HitResult hit) {
+        var ri = hit.frontFace() ? (1 / refractionIndex) : refractionIndex;
+
+        var cosTheta = Math.min(- ray.direction().unit().times(hit.normal()), 1.0);
+        var reflectance = reflectance(cosTheta);
+        var reflect = reflectance > Math.random();
+
+        var newDirection = (reflect ? Optional.<Vec3>empty() : Vec3.refract(ray.direction(), hit.normal(), ri))
+                .orElseGet(() -> Vec3.reflect(ray.direction(), hit.normal()));
+
+        return Optional.of(new ScatterResult(new Ray(hit.position(), newDirection), Color.WHITE));
+    }
+
+    private double reflectance(double cos) {
+        // use schlick's approximation for reflectance
+        var r0 = (1 - refractionIndex) / (1 + refractionIndex);
+        r0 = r0 * r0;
+        return r0 + (1 - r0) * (1 - cos) * (1 - cos) * (1 - cos) * (1 - cos) * (1 - cos);
+    }
+}

src/main/java/eu/jonahbauer/raytracing/material/LambertianMaterial.java

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+package eu.jonahbauer.raytracing.material;
+
+import eu.jonahbauer.raytracing.math.Ray;
+import eu.jonahbauer.raytracing.math.Vec3;
+import eu.jonahbauer.raytracing.render.Color;
+import eu.jonahbauer.raytracing.scene.HitResult;
+import org.jetbrains.annotations.NotNull;
+
+import java.util.Objects;
+import java.util.Optional;
+
+public record LambertianMaterial(@NotNull Color albedo) implements Material {
+    public LambertianMaterial {
+        Objects.requireNonNull(albedo, "albedo");
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public @NotNull Optional<ScatterResult> scatter(@NotNull Ray ray, @NotNull HitResult hit) {
+        var newDirection = hit.normal().plus(Vec3.random(true));
+        if (newDirection.isNearZero()) newDirection = hit.normal();
+
+        var scattered = new Ray(hit.position(), newDirection);
+        return Optional.of(new ScatterResult(scattered, albedo));
+    }
+}

src/main/java/eu/jonahbauer/raytracing/material/Material.java

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+package eu.jonahbauer.raytracing.material;
+
+import eu.jonahbauer.raytracing.math.Ray;
+import eu.jonahbauer.raytracing.render.Color;
+import eu.jonahbauer.raytracing.scene.HitResult;
+import org.jetbrains.annotations.NotNull;
+
+import java.util.Objects;
+import java.util.Optional;
+
+public interface Material {
+
+    @NotNull Optional<ScatterResult> scatter(@NotNull Ray ray, @NotNull HitResult hit);
+
+    record ScatterResult(@NotNull Ray ray, @NotNull Color attenuation) {
+        public ScatterResult {
+            Objects.requireNonNull(ray, "ray");
+            Objects.requireNonNull(attenuation, "attenuation");
+        }
+    }
+}

src/main/java/eu/jonahbauer/raytracing/material/MetallicMaterial.java

@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+package eu.jonahbauer.raytracing.material;
+
+import eu.jonahbauer.raytracing.math.Ray;
+import eu.jonahbauer.raytracing.math.Vec3;
+import eu.jonahbauer.raytracing.render.Color;
+import eu.jonahbauer.raytracing.scene.HitResult;
+import org.jetbrains.annotations.NotNull;
+
+import java.util.Objects;
+import java.util.Optional;
+
+public record MetallicMaterial(@NotNull Color albedo, double fuzz) implements Material {
+
+    public MetallicMaterial(@NotNull Color albedo) {
+        this(albedo, 0);
+    }
+
+    public MetallicMaterial {
+        Objects.requireNonNull(albedo, "albedo");
+        if (fuzz < 0 || !Double.isFinite(fuzz)) throw new IllegalArgumentException("fuzz must be non-negative");
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public @NotNull Optional<ScatterResult> scatter(@NotNull Ray ray, @NotNull HitResult hit) {
+        var newDirection = Vec3.reflect(ray.direction(), hit.normal());
+        if (fuzz > 0) {
+            newDirection = newDirection.unit().plus(Vec3.random(true).times(fuzz));
+        }
+        return Optional.of(new ScatterResult(new Ray(hit.position(), newDirection), albedo));
+    }
+}

src/main/java/eu/jonahbauer/raytracing/math/Range.java

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+package eu.jonahbauer.raytracing.math;
+
+public record Range(double min, double max) {
+    public static final Range EMPTY = new Range(Double.POSITIVE_INFINITY, Double.NEGATIVE_INFINITY);
+    public static final Range UNIVERSE = new Range(Double.NEGATIVE_INFINITY, Double.POSITIVE_INFINITY);
+    public static final Range NON_NEGATIVE = new Range(0, Double.POSITIVE_INFINITY);
+
+    public Range {
+        if (Double.isNaN(min) || Double.isNaN(max)) throw new IllegalArgumentException("min and max must not be NaN");
+    }
+
+    public boolean contains(double value) {
+        return min <= value && value <= max;
+    }
+
+    public boolean surrounds(double value) {
+        return min < value && value < max;
+    }
+}

src/main/java/eu/jonahbauer/raytracing/math/Ray.java

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+package eu.jonahbauer.raytracing.math;
+
+import org.jetbrains.annotations.NotNull;
+
+import java.util.Objects;
+
+public record Ray(@NotNull Vec3 origin, @NotNull Vec3 direction) {
+    public Ray {
+        Objects.requireNonNull(origin, "origin");
+        Objects.requireNonNull(direction, "direction");
+    }
+
+    public @NotNull Vec3 at(double t) {
+        if (t < 0) throw new IllegalArgumentException("t must not be negative");
+        return new Vec3(
+                origin().x() + t * direction.x(),
+                origin().y() + t * direction.y(),
+                origin().z() + t * direction.z()
+        );
+    }
+}

src/main/java/eu/jonahbauer/raytracing/math/Vec3.java

@@ -0,0 +1,117 @@
+package eu.jonahbauer.raytracing.math;
+
+import org.jetbrains.annotations.NotNull;
+
+import java.util.Optional;
+
+public record Vec3(double x, double y, double z) {
+    public static final Vec3 ZERO = new Vec3(0, 0, 0);
+    public static final Vec3 UNIT_X = new Vec3(1, 0, 0);
+    public static final Vec3 UNIT_Y = new Vec3(0, 1, 0);
+    public static final Vec3 UNIT_Z = new Vec3(0, 0, 1);
+
+    public Vec3 {
+        if (!Double.isFinite(x) || !Double.isFinite(y) || !Double.isFinite(z)) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("x, y and z must be finite");
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static @NotNull Vec3 random() {
+        return random(false);
+    }
+
+    public static @NotNull Vec3 random(boolean unit) {
+        var random = new Vec3(
+                2 * Math.random() - 1,
+                2 * Math.random() - 1,
+                2 * Math.random() - 1
+        );
+        return unit ? random.unit() : random;
+    }
+
+    public static @NotNull Vec3 reflect(@NotNull Vec3 vec, @NotNull Vec3 normal) {
+        return vec.minus(normal.times(2 * normal.times(vec)));
+    }
+
+    public static @NotNull Optional<Vec3> refract(@NotNull Vec3 vec, @NotNull Vec3 normal, double ri) {
+        vec = vec.unit();
+        var cosTheta = Math.min(- vec.times(normal), 1.0);
+        var sinTheta = Math.sqrt(1 - cosTheta * cosTheta);
+        if (ri * sinTheta > 1) return Optional.empty();
+
+        var rOutPerp = vec.plus(normal.times(cosTheta)).times(ri);
+        var rOutParallel = normal.times(- Math.sqrt(Math.abs(1 - rOutPerp.squared())));
+        return Optional.of(rOutPerp.plus(rOutParallel));
+    }
+
+    public static @NotNull Vec3 rotate(@NotNull Vec3 vec, @NotNull Vec3 axis, double angle) {
+        Vec3 vxp = axis.cross(vec);
+        Vec3 vxvxp = axis.cross(vxp);
+        return vec.plus(vxp.times(Math.sin(angle))).plus(vxvxp.times(1 - Math.cos(angle)));
+    }
+
+    public static double distance(@NotNull Vec3 a, @NotNull Vec3 b) {
+        return a.minus(b).length();
+    }
+
+    public @NotNull Vec3 plus(@NotNull Vec3 b) {
+        return new Vec3(this.x + b.x, this.y + b.y, this.z + b.z);
+    }
+    
+    public @NotNull Vec3 minus(@NotNull Vec3 b) {
+        return new Vec3(this.x - b.x, this.y - b.y, this.z - b.z);
+    }
+    
+    public double times(@NotNull Vec3 b) {
+        return this.x * b.x + this.y * b.y + this.z * b.z;
+    }
+    
+    public @NotNull Vec3 times(double b) {
+        return new Vec3(this.x * b, this.y * b, this.z * b);
+    }
+
+    public @NotNull Vec3 neg() {
+        return new Vec3(-x, -y, -z);
+    }
+
+    public @NotNull Vec3 cross(@NotNull Vec3 b) {
+        return new Vec3(
+                this.y() * b.z() - b.y() * this.z(),
+                this.z() * b.x() - b.z() * this.x(),
+                this.x() * b.y() - b.x() * this.y()
+        );
+    }
+
+    public @NotNull Vec3 div(double b) {
+        return new Vec3(this.x / b, this.y / b, this.z / b);
+    }
+
+    public double squared() {
+        return this.x * this.x + this.y * this.y + this.z * this.z;
+    }
+    
+    public double length() {
+        return Math.sqrt(squared());
+    }
+
+    public boolean isNearZero() {
+        var s = 1e-8;
+        return Math.abs(x) < s && Math.abs(y) < s && Math.abs(z) < s;
+    }
+    
+    public @NotNull Vec3 unit() {
+        return div(length());
+    }
+
+    public @NotNull Vec3 withX(double x) {
+        return new Vec3(x, y, z);
+    }
+
+    public @NotNull Vec3 withY(double y) {
+        return new Vec3(x, y, z);
+    }
+
+    public @NotNull Vec3 withZ(double z) {
+        return new Vec3(x, y, z);
+    }
+}

src/main/java/eu/jonahbauer/raytracing/render/Camera.java

@@ -0,0 +1,312 @@
+package eu.jonahbauer.raytracing.render;
+
+import eu.jonahbauer.raytracing.math.Range;
+import eu.jonahbauer.raytracing.math.Ray;
+import eu.jonahbauer.raytracing.math.Vec3;
+import eu.jonahbauer.raytracing.render.canvas.Canvas;
+import eu.jonahbauer.raytracing.render.canvas.Image;
+import eu.jonahbauer.raytracing.scene.Scene;
+import org.jetbrains.annotations.NotNull;
+import org.jetbrains.annotations.Nullable;
+
+import java.util.Objects;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;
+import java.util.function.Function;
+import java.util.stream.IntStream;
+import java.util.stream.LongStream;
+
+public final class Camera {
+    // image size
+    private final int width;
+    private final int height;
+
+    // camera position and orientation
+    private final @NotNull Vec3 origin;
+
+    // rendering
+    private final int samplesPerPixel;
+    private final int maxDepth;
+    private final double gamma;
+    private final double blurRadius;
+
+    // internal properties
+    private final @NotNull Vec3 u;
+    private final @NotNull Vec3 v;
+
+    private final @NotNull Vec3 pixelU;
+    private final @NotNull Vec3 pixelV;
+    private final @NotNull Vec3 pixel00;
+
+    public static @NotNull Builder builder() {
+        return new Builder();
+    }
+
+    public Camera() {
+        this(new Builder());
+    }
+
+    private Camera(@NotNull Builder builder) {
+        this.width = builder.imageWidth;
+        this.height = builder.imageHeight;
+
+        var viewportHeight = 2 * Math.tan(0.5 * builder.fov) * builder.focusDistance;
+        var viewportWidth = viewportHeight * ((double) width / height);
+
+        this.origin = builder.position;
+        var direction = (builder.direction == null ? builder.target.minus(builder.position).unit() : builder.direction);
+
+        this.samplesPerPixel = builder.samplePerPixel;
+        this.maxDepth = builder.maxDepth;
+        this.gamma = builder.gamma;
+        this.blurRadius = Math.tan(0.5 * builder.blurAngle) * builder.focusDistance;
+
+        // project direction the horizontal plane
+        var dXZ = direction.withY(0).unit();
+        this.u = Vec3.rotate(
+                new Vec3(- dXZ.z(), 0, dXZ.x()), // perpendicular to d in horizontal plane
+                direction, builder.rotation
+        );
+        this.v = direction.cross(u);  // perpendicular to viewportU and direction
+
+        this.pixelU = u.times(viewportWidth / width);
+        this.pixelV = v.times(viewportHeight / height);
+
+        this.pixel00 = origin.plus(direction.times(builder.focusDistance))
+                .minus(u.times(0.5 * viewportWidth)).minus(v.times(0.5 * viewportHeight))
+                .plus(pixelU.div(2)).plus(pixelV.div(2));
+    }
+
+    public @NotNull Image render(@NotNull Scene scene) {
+        var image = new Image(width, height);
+        render(scene, image);
+        return image;
+    }
+
+    public void render(@NotNull Scene scene, @NotNull Canvas canvas) {
+        render(scene, canvas, RenderMode.SEQUENTIEL);
+    }
+
+    public void render(@NotNull Scene scene, @NotNull Canvas canvas, @NotNull RenderMode mode) {
+        if (canvas.width() != width || canvas.height() != height) throw new IllegalArgumentException();
+
+        var progress = new AtomicInteger();
+        mode.render(this, scene, canvas, () -> {
+            var val = progress.incrementAndGet();
+            if (val % 1000 == 0) System.out.println(val);
+        });
+    }
+
+    private @NotNull Ray getRay(int x, int y) {
+        var origin = this.origin;
+        if (blurRadius > 0) {
+            double bu, bv;
+            do {
+                bu = 2 * Math.random() - 1;
+                bv = 2 * Math.random() - 1;
+            } while (bu * bu + bv * bv >= 1);
+
+            origin = origin.plus(u.times(blurRadius * bu)).plus(v.times(blurRadius * bv));
+        }
+
+        return new Ray(origin, getPixel(x, y).minus(origin));
+    }
+
+    private @NotNull Vec3 getPixel(int x, int y) {
+        Objects.checkIndex(x, width);
+        Objects.checkIndex(y, height);
+
+        double dx = x + Math.random() - 0.5;
+        double dy = y + Math.random() - 0.5;
+        return pixel00.plus(pixelU.times(dx)).plus(pixelV.times(dy));
+    }
+
+    private @NotNull Color getColor(@NotNull Scene scene, @NotNull Ray ray) {
+        return getColor(scene, ray, maxDepth);
+    }
+
+    private @NotNull Color getColor(@NotNull Scene scene, @NotNull Ray ray, int depth) {
+        if (depth <= 0) return Color.BLACK;
+
+        var optional = scene.hit(ray, new Range(0.001, Double.POSITIVE_INFINITY));
+        if (optional.isPresent()) {
+            var hit = optional.get();
+            var material = hit.material();
+            return material.scatter(ray, hit)
+                    .map(scatter -> Color.multiply(scatter.attenuation(), getColor(scene, scatter.ray(), depth - 1)))
+                    .orElse(Color.BLACK);
+        } else {
+            return getSkyboxColor(ray);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static @NotNull Color getSkyboxColor(@NotNull Ray ray) {
+        // altitude from -pi/2 to pi/2
+        var alt = Math.copySign(
+                Math.acos(ray.direction().withY(0).unit().times(ray.direction().unit())),
+                ray.direction().y()
+        );
+        return Color.lerp(Color.WHITE, Color.SKY, alt / Math.PI + 0.5);
+    }
+
+    public int width() {
+        return width;
+    }
+
+    public int height() {
+        return height;
+    }
+
+    public enum RenderMode {
+        SEQUENTIEL {
+            @Override
+            public void render(@NotNull Camera camera, @NotNull Scene scene, @NotNull Canvas canvas, @NotNull Runnable onProgressUpdate) {
+                for (int y = 0; y < camera.height; y++) {
+                    for (int x = 0; x < camera.width; x++) {
+                        Color color = Color.BLACK;
+                        for (int i = 1; i <= camera.samplesPerPixel; i++) {
+                            var ray = camera.getRay(x, y);
+                            var c = camera.getColor(scene, ray);
+                            color = Color.average(color, c, i);
+                        }
+                        canvas.set(x, y, color);
+                        onProgressUpdate.run();
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        },
+        PARALLEL {
+            @Override
+            public void render(@NotNull Camera camera, @NotNull Scene scene, @NotNull Canvas canvas, @NotNull Runnable onProgressUpdate) {
+                coordinates(camera.width, camera.height).parallel().forEach(pos -> {
+                    var x = (int) pos;
+                    var y = (int) (pos >> 32);
+                    Color color = Color.BLACK;
+                    for (int i = 1; i <= camera.samplesPerPixel; i++) {
+                        var ray = camera.getRay(x, y);
+                        var c = camera.getColor(scene, ray);
+                        color = Color.average(color, c, i);
+                    }
+                    canvas.set(x, y, color);
+                    onProgressUpdate.run();
+                });
+            }
+        },
+        SAMPLES {
+            @Override
+            public void render(@NotNull Camera camera, @NotNull Scene scene, @NotNull Canvas canvas, @NotNull Runnable onProgressUpdate) {
+                for (int i = 1; i <= camera.samplesPerPixel; i++) {
+                    var sample = i;
+                    coordinates(camera.width, camera.height).forEach(pos -> {
+                        var x = (int) pos;
+                        var y = (int) (pos >> 32);
+                        var ray = camera.getRay(x, y);
+                        var color = Color.average(canvas.get(x, y), camera.getColor(scene, ray), sample);
+                        canvas.set(x, y, color);
+                    });
+                    onProgressUpdate.run();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        ;
+
+        private static LongStream coordinates(int width, int height) {
+            return IntStream.range(0, height)
+                    .mapToObj(y -> IntStream.range(0, width).mapToLong(x -> (long) y << 32 | x))
+                    .flatMapToLong(Function.identity());
+        }
+
+        public abstract void render(@NotNull Camera camera, @NotNull Scene scene, @NotNull Canvas canvas, @NotNull Runnable onProgressUpdate);
+
+    }
+
+    public static class Builder {
+        private int imageWidth = 1920;
+        private int imageHeight = 1080;
+
+        private @NotNull Vec3 position = Vec3.ZERO;
+        private @Nullable Vec3 direction = Vec3.UNIT_Z.neg();
+        private @Nullable Vec3 target = null;
+        private double rotation = 0.0;
+
+        private double fov = 0.5 * Math.PI;
+        private double focusDistance = 10;
+        private double blurAngle = 0.0;
+
+        private int samplePerPixel = 100;
+        private int maxDepth = 10;
+        private double gamma = 2.0;
+
+        private Builder() {}
+
+        public @NotNull Builder withImage(int width, int height) {
+            if (width <= 0 || height <= 0) throw new IllegalArgumentException("width and height must be positive");
+            this.imageWidth = width;
+            this.imageHeight = height;
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        public @NotNull Builder withPosition(@NotNull Vec3 position) {
+            this.position = Objects.requireNonNull(position);
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        public @NotNull Builder withDirection(@NotNull Vec3 direction) {
+            this.direction = Objects.requireNonNull(direction).unit();
+            this.target = null;
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        public @NotNull Builder withTarget(@NotNull Vec3 target) {
+            this.target = Objects.requireNonNull(target);
+            this.direction = null;
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        public @NotNull Builder withRotation(double rotation) {
+            if (!Double.isFinite(rotation)) throw new IllegalArgumentException("rotation must be finite");
+            this.rotation = rotation;
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        public @NotNull Builder withFieldOfView(double fov) {
+            if (fov <= 0 || fov >= Math.PI || !Double.isFinite(fov)) throw new IllegalArgumentException("fov must be in the range (0, π)");
+            this.fov = fov;
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        public @NotNull Builder withFocusDistance(double focusDistance) {
+            if (focusDistance <= 0 || !Double.isFinite(focusDistance)) throw new IllegalArgumentException("focus distance must be positive");
+            this.focusDistance = focusDistance;
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        public @NotNull Builder withBlurAngle(double angle) {
+            if (angle < 0 || angle >= Math.PI || !Double.isFinite(angle)) throw new IllegalArgumentException("blur-angle must be in the range [0, π)");
+            this.blurAngle = angle;
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        public @NotNull Builder withSamplesPerPixel(int samples) {
+            if (samples <= 0) throw new IllegalArgumentException("samples must be positive");
+            this.samplePerPixel = samples;
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        public @NotNull Builder withMaxDepth(int depth) {
+            if (depth <= 0) throw new IllegalArgumentException("depth must be positive");
+            this.maxDepth = depth;
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        public @NotNull Builder withGamma(double gamma) {
+            if (gamma <= 0 || !Double.isFinite(gamma)) throw new IllegalArgumentException("gamma must be positive");
+            this.gamma = gamma;
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        public @NotNull Camera build() {
+            return new Camera(this);
+        }
+
+    }
+}

src/main/java/eu/jonahbauer/raytracing/render/Color.java

@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+package eu.jonahbauer.raytracing.render;
+
+import org.jetbrains.annotations.NotNull;
+
+public record Color(double r, double g, double b) {
+    public static final @NotNull Color BLACK = new Color(0.0, 0.0, 0.0);
+    public static final @NotNull Color WHITE = new Color(1.0, 1.0, 1.0);
+    public static final @NotNull Color SKY = new Color(0.5, 0.7, 1.0);
+    public static final @NotNull Color RED = new Color(1.0, 0.0, 0.0);
+    public static final @NotNull Color GREEN = new Color(0.0, 1.0, 0.0);
+    public static final @NotNull Color BLUE = new Color(0.0, 0.0, 1.0);
+
+    public static @NotNull Color lerp(@NotNull Color a, @NotNull Color b, double t) {
+        if (t < 0) return a;
+        if (t > 1) return b;
+        return new Color(
+                (1 - t) * a.r + t * b.r,
+                (1 - t) * a.g + t * b.g,
+                (1 - t) * a.b + t * b.b
+        );
+    }
+
+    public static @NotNull Color multiply(@NotNull Color a, @NotNull Color b) {
+        return new Color(a.r() * b.r(), a.g() * b.g(), a.b() * b.b());
+    }
+
+    public static @NotNull Color random() {
+        return new Color(Math.random(), Math.random(), Math.random());
+    }
+
+    public static @NotNull Color random(double min, double max) {
+        var span = max - min;
+        return new Color(
+                Math.fma(Math.random(), span, min),
+                Math.fma(Math.random(), span, min),
+                Math.fma(Math.random(), span, min)
+        );
+    }
+
+    public static @NotNull Color average(@NotNull Color current, @NotNull Color next, int index) {
+        return new Color(
+                current.r() + (next.r() - current.r()) / index,
+                current.g() + (next.g() - current.g()) / index,
+                current.b() + (next.b() - current.b()) / index
+        );
+    }
+
+    public Color {
+        if (r < 0 || r > 1 || g < 0 || g > 1 || b < 0 || b > 1) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("r, g and b must be in the range 0 to 1");
+        }
+    }
+    
+    public Color(int red, int green, int blue) {
+        this(red / 255f, green / 255f, blue / 255f);
+    }
+
+    public int red() {
+        return (int) (255.99 * r);
+    }
+
+    public int green() {
+        return (int) (255.99 * g);
+    }
+
+    public int blue() {
+        return (int) (255.99 * b);
+    }
+}

src/main/java/eu/jonahbauer/raytracing/render/ImageFormat.java

@@ -0,0 +1,131 @@
+package eu.jonahbauer.raytracing.render;
+
+import eu.jonahbauer.raytracing.render.canvas.Canvas;
+import org.jetbrains.annotations.NotNull;
+
+import java.io.*;
+import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
+import java.nio.file.Files;
+import java.nio.file.Path;
+import java.util.zip.CRC32;
+import java.util.zip.CheckedOutputStream;
+import java.util.zip.DeflaterOutputStream;
+
+public enum ImageFormat {
+    PPM {
+        @Override
+        public void write(@NotNull Canvas image, @NotNull OutputStream out) throws IOException {
+            try (var writer = new BufferedWriter(new OutputStreamWriter(out, StandardCharsets.US_ASCII))) {
+                writer.write("P3\n");
+                writer.write(String.valueOf(image.width()));
+                writer.write(" ");
+                writer.write(String.valueOf(image.height()));
+                writer.write("\n255\n");
+
+                var it = image.pixels().iterator();
+                while (it.hasNext()) {
+                    var color = it.next();
+                    writer.write(String.valueOf(color.red()));
+                    writer.write(" ");
+                    writer.write(String.valueOf(color.green()));
+                    writer.write(" ");
+                    writer.write(String.valueOf(color.blue()));
+                    writer.write("\n");
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    },
+    PNG {
+        private static final byte[] MAGIC = new byte[] { (byte) 0x89, 0x50, 0x4E, 0x47, 0x0D, 0x0A, 0x1A, 0x0A };
+        private static final int IHDR_LENGTH = 13;
+        private static final int IHDR_TYPE = 0x49484452;
+        private static final int IDAT_TYPE = 0x49444154;
+        private static final int IEND_TYPE = 0x49454E44;
+
+        @Override
+        public void write(@NotNull Canvas image, @NotNull OutputStream out) throws IOException {
+            try (var data = new NoCloseDataOutputStream(out); var _ = data.closeable()) {
+                data.write(MAGIC);
+
+                writeIHDR(image, data);
+                writeIDAT(image, data);
+                writeIEND(image, data);
+            }
+        }
+
+        private void writeIHDR(@NotNull Canvas image, @NotNull DataOutputStream data) throws IOException {
+            data.writeInt(IHDR_LENGTH);
+            try (
+                    var crc = new CheckedOutputStream(data, new CRC32());
+                    var ihdr = new DataOutputStream(crc)
+            ) {
+                ihdr.writeInt(IHDR_TYPE);
+                ihdr.writeInt(image.width()); // image width
+                ihdr.writeInt(image.height()); // image height
+                ihdr.writeByte(8); // bit depth
+                ihdr.writeByte(2); // color type
+                ihdr.writeByte(0); // compression method
+                ihdr.writeByte(0); // filter method
+                ihdr.writeByte(0); // interlace method
+                ihdr.flush();
+                data.writeInt((int) crc.getChecksum().getValue());
+            }
+        }
+
+        private void writeIDAT(@NotNull Canvas image, @NotNull DataOutputStream data) throws IOException {
+            try (
+                    var baos = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+                    var crc = new CheckedOutputStream(baos, new CRC32());
+                    var idat = new DataOutputStream(crc)
+            ) {
+                idat.writeInt(IDAT_TYPE);
+
+                try (var deflate = new DataOutputStream(new DeflaterOutputStream(idat))) {
+                    var pixels = image.pixels().iterator();
+                    for (int i = 0; pixels.hasNext(); i = (i + 1) % image.width()) {
+                        if (i == 0) deflate.writeByte(0); // filter type
+                        var pixel = pixels.next();
+                        deflate.writeByte(pixel.red());
+                        deflate.writeByte(pixel.green());
+                        deflate.writeByte(pixel.blue());
+                    }
+                }
+
+                var bytes = baos.toByteArray();
+                data.writeInt(bytes.length);
+                data.write(bytes);
+                data.writeInt((int) crc.getChecksum().getValue());
+            }
+        }
+
+        private void writeIEND(@NotNull Canvas image, @NotNull DataOutputStream data) throws IOException {
+            data.writeInt(0);
+            data.writeInt(IEND_TYPE);
+            data.writeInt(0);
+        }
+
+        private static class NoCloseDataOutputStream extends DataOutputStream {
+            public NoCloseDataOutputStream(OutputStream out) {
+                super(out);
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public void close() {
+                // do nothing
+            }
+
+            public Closeable closeable() {
+                return super::close;
+            }
+        }
+    },
+    ;
+
+    public void write(@NotNull Canvas image, @NotNull Path path) throws IOException {
+        try (var out = Files.newOutputStream(path)) {
+            write(image, out);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public abstract void write(@NotNull Canvas image, @NotNull OutputStream out) throws IOException;
+}

src/main/java/eu/jonahbauer/raytracing/render/canvas/BufferedImageCanvas.java

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+package eu.jonahbauer.raytracing.render.canvas;
+
+import eu.jonahbauer.raytracing.render.Color;
+import org.jetbrains.annotations.NotNull;
+
+import java.awt.image.BufferedImage;
+
+public class BufferedImageCanvas extends Image {
+    private final @NotNull BufferedImage image;
+
+    public BufferedImageCanvas(int width, int height) {
+        super(width, height);
+        this.image = new BufferedImage(width, height, BufferedImage.TYPE_INT_RGB);
+    }
+
+    public @NotNull BufferedImage getImage() {
+        return image;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void set(int x, int y, @NotNull Color color) {
+        super.set(x, y, color);
+        var rgb = color.red() << 16 | color.green() << 8 | color.blue();
+        image.setRGB(x, y, rgb);
+    }
+}

src/main/java/eu/jonahbauer/raytracing/render/canvas/Canvas.java

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+package eu.jonahbauer.raytracing.render.canvas;
+
+import eu.jonahbauer.raytracing.render.Color;
+import org.jetbrains.annotations.NotNull;
+
+import java.util.function.Function;
+import java.util.stream.IntStream;
+import java.util.stream.Stream;
+
+public interface Canvas {
+    int width();
+    int height();
+
+    void set(int x, int y, @NotNull Color color);
+    @NotNull Color get(int x, int y);
+
+    default @NotNull Stream<Color> pixels() {
+        return IntStream.range(0, height())
+                .mapToObj(y -> IntStream.range(0, width()).mapToObj(x -> get(x, y)))
+                .flatMap(Function.identity());
+    }
+}

src/main/java/eu/jonahbauer/raytracing/render/canvas/Image.java

@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+package eu.jonahbauer.raytracing.render.canvas;
+
+import eu.jonahbauer.raytracing.render.Color;
+import org.jetbrains.annotations.NotNull;
+
+import java.util.Objects;
+
+public class Image implements Canvas {
+    private final int width;
+    private final int height;
+
+    private final Color[][] data;
+
+    public Image(int width, int height) {
+        this.width = width;
+        this.height = height;
+
+        if (width <= 0) throw new IllegalArgumentException("width must be positive");
+        if (height <= 0) throw new IllegalArgumentException("height must be positive");
+
+        this.data = new Color[height][width];
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int width() {
+        return width;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int height() {
+        return height;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public @NotNull Color get(int x, int y) {
+        Objects.checkIndex(x, width);
+        Objects.checkIndex(y, height);
+        return Objects.requireNonNullElse(this.data[y][x], Color.BLACK);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void set(int x, int y, @NotNull Color color) {
+        Objects.checkIndex(x, width);
+        Objects.checkIndex(y, height);
+        this.data[y][x] = Objects.requireNonNull(color);
+    }
+}

src/main/java/eu/jonahbauer/raytracing/scene/HitResult.java

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+package eu.jonahbauer.raytracing.scene;
+
+import eu.jonahbauer.raytracing.math.Vec3;
+import eu.jonahbauer.raytracing.material.Material;
+import org.jetbrains.annotations.NotNull;
+
+import java.util.Objects;
+
+public record HitResult(
+        double t,
+        @NotNull Vec3 position,
+        @NotNull Vec3 normal,
+        @NotNull Material material,
+        boolean frontFace
+) implements Comparable<HitResult> {
+    public HitResult {
+        if (t < 0 || !Double.isFinite(t)) throw new IllegalArgumentException("t must be non-negative");
+        Objects.requireNonNull(position, "position");
+        normal = normal.unit();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int compareTo(@NotNull HitResult o) {
+        return Double.compare(t, o.t);
+    }
+}

src/main/java/eu/jonahbauer/raytracing/scene/Hittable.java

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+package eu.jonahbauer.raytracing.scene;
+
+import eu.jonahbauer.raytracing.math.Range;
+import eu.jonahbauer.raytracing.math.Ray;
+import org.jetbrains.annotations.NotNull;
+
+import java.util.Optional;
+
+public interface Hittable {
+
+    /**
+     * {@return the value <code>t</code> such that <code>ray.at(t)</code> is the intersection of this shaped closest to
+     * the ray origin, or <code>Double.NaN</code> if the ray does not intersect this shape}
+     * @param ray a ray
+     */
+    @NotNull Optional<HitResult> hit(@NotNull Ray ray, @NotNull Range range);
+}

src/main/java/eu/jonahbauer/raytracing/scene/Scene.java

@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+package eu.jonahbauer.raytracing.scene;
+
+import eu.jonahbauer.raytracing.math.Range;
+import eu.jonahbauer.raytracing.math.Ray;
+import org.jetbrains.annotations.NotNull;
+
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Optional;
+
+public record Scene(@NotNull List<@NotNull Hittable> objects) implements Hittable {
+
+    public Scene {
+        objects = List.copyOf(objects);
+    }
+
+    public Scene(@NotNull Hittable @NotNull ... objects) {
+        this(List.of(objects));
+    }
+
+    public @NotNull Optional<HitResult> hit(@NotNull Ray ray, @NotNull Range range) {
+        var result = (HitResult) null;
+        for (var object : objects) {
+            var r = object.hit(ray, range);
+            if (r.isPresent() && range.surrounds(r.get().t())) {
+                result = r.get();
+                range = new Range(range.min(), result.t());
+            }
+        }
+        return Optional.ofNullable(result);
+    }
+}

src/main/java/eu/jonahbauer/raytracing/scene/Sphere.java

@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+package eu.jonahbauer.raytracing.scene;
+
+import eu.jonahbauer.raytracing.material.Material;
+import eu.jonahbauer.raytracing.math.Range;
+import eu.jonahbauer.raytracing.math.Ray;
+import eu.jonahbauer.raytracing.math.Vec3;
+import org.jetbrains.annotations.NotNull;
+
+import java.util.Objects;
+import java.util.Optional;
+
+public record Sphere(@NotNull Vec3 center, double radius, @NotNull Material material) implements Hittable {
+
+    public Sphere {
+        Objects.requireNonNull(center, "center");
+        Objects.requireNonNull(material, "material");
+        if (radius <= 0 || !Double.isFinite(radius)) throw new IllegalArgumentException("radius must be positive");
+    }
+
+    public Sphere(double x, double y, double z, double r, @NotNull Material material) {
+        this(new Vec3(x, y, z), r, material);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public @NotNull Optional<HitResult> hit(@NotNull Ray ray, @NotNull Range range) {
+        var oc = ray.origin().minus(center());
+
+        var a = ray.direction().squared();
+        var h = ray.direction().times(oc);
+        var c = oc.squared() - radius * radius;
+
+        var discriminant = h * h - a * c;
+        if (discriminant < 0) return Optional.empty();
+
+        var sd = Math.sqrt(discriminant);
+
+        double t = (- h - sd) / a;
+        if (!range.surrounds(t)) t = (- h + sd) / a;
+        if (!range.surrounds(t)) return Optional.empty();
+
+        var position = ray.at(t);
+        var normal = position.minus(center);
+        var frontFace = normal.times(ray.direction()) < 0;
+        return Optional.of(new HitResult(t, position, frontFace ? normal : normal.times(-1), material, frontFace));
+    }
+
+    public @NotNull Sphere withCenter(@NotNull Vec3 center) {
+        return new Sphere(center, radius, material);
+    }
+
+    public @NotNull Sphere withCenter(double x, double y, double z) {
+        return withCenter(new Vec3(x, y, z));
+    }
+
+    public @NotNull Sphere withRadius(double radius) {
+        return new Sphere(center, radius, material);
+    }
+}

src/test/java/eu/jonahbauer/raytracing/math/RayTest.java

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+package eu.jonahbauer.raytracing.math;
+
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
+
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.*;
+
+class RayTest {
+
+    @Test
+    void at() {
+        var origin = new Vec3(0, 0, 0);
+        var direction = new Vec3(1, 2, 3);
+        var ray = new Ray(origin, direction);
+        assertEquals(new Vec3(5, 10, 15), ray.at(5));
+    }
+}

src/test/java/eu/jonahbauer/raytracing/math/Vec3Test.java

@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+package eu.jonahbauer.raytracing.math;
+
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
+
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.*;
+
+class Vec3Test {
+
+    @Test
+    void plus() {
+        var a = new Vec3(1, 2, 3);
+        var b = new Vec3(-1, 1, -2);
+        assertEquals(new Vec3(0, 3, 1), a.plus(b));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void minus() {
+        var a = new Vec3(1, 2, 3);
+        var b = new Vec3(-1, 1, -2);
+        assertEquals(new Vec3(2, 1, 5), a.minus(b));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void timesVec() {
+        var a = new Vec3(1, 2, 3);
+        var b = new Vec3(-1, 1, -2);
+        assertEquals(-5, a.times(b));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void timeScalar() {
+        var a = new Vec3(1, 2, 3);
+        var b = 2.5;
+        assertEquals(new Vec3(2.5, 5, 7.5), a.times(b));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void div() {
+        var a = new Vec3(1, 2, 3);
+        var b = 2;
+        assertEquals(new Vec3(0.5, 1, 1.5), a.div(b));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void squared() {
+        var a = new Vec3(1, 2, 3);
+        assertEquals(14, a.squared());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void length() {
+        var a = new Vec3(3, 4, 0);
+        assertEquals(5, a.length());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void unit() {
+        var a = new Vec3(3, 4, 0);
+        assertEquals(new Vec3(0.6, 0.8, 0), a.unit());
+    }
+}

src/test/java/eu/jonahbauer/raytracing/render/ImageTest.java

@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+package eu.jonahbauer.raytracing.render;
+
+import eu.jonahbauer.raytracing.render.canvas.Image;
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.io.TempDir;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
+import java.nio.file.Files;
+import java.nio.file.Path;
+import java.util.Objects;
+
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertEquals;
+
+class ImageTest {
+
+    @Test
+    void test(@TempDir Path dir) throws IOException {
+        var image = new Image(256, 256);
+
+        for (var y = 0; y < image.height(); y++) {
+            for (var x = 0; x < image.width(); x++) {
+                var r = (double) x / (image.width() - 1);
+                var g = (double) y / (image.height() - 1);
+                var b = 0;
+
+                image.set(x, y, new Color(r, g, b));
+            }
+        }
+
+        System.out.println(dir);
+        ImageFormat.PPM.write(image, dir.resolve("img.ppm"));
+
+        String expected;
+        String actual;
+
+        try (var in = Objects.requireNonNull(ImageTest.class.getResourceAsStream("simple_image.ppm"))) {
+            expected = new String(in.readAllBytes(), StandardCharsets.US_ASCII);
+        }
+
+        try (var in = Files.newInputStream(dir.resolve("img.ppm"))) {
+            actual = new String(in.readAllBytes(), StandardCharsets.US_ASCII);
+        }
+
+        assertEquals(expected, actual);
+    }
+
+}

src/test/java/eu/jonahbauer/raytracing/scene/SphereTest.java

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+package eu.jonahbauer.raytracing.scene;
+
+import eu.jonahbauer.raytracing.math.Range;
+import eu.jonahbauer.raytracing.math.Ray;
+import eu.jonahbauer.raytracing.math.Vec3;
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
+
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.*;
+
+class SphereTest {
+
+    @Test
+    void hit() {
+        var center = new Vec3(1, 2, 3);
+        var radius = 5;
+        var sphere = new Sphere(center, radius);
+
+        var origin = new Vec3(6, 7, 8);
+        var direction = new Vec3(-1, -1, -1);
+        var ray = new Ray(origin, direction);
+
+        var result = sphere.hit(ray, Range.NON_NEGATIVE);
+        assertFalse(result.isEmpty());
+        assertEquals(center.plus(new Vec3(1, 1, 1).unit().times(radius)), ray.at(result.get().t()));
+    }
+}